Skin Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Sympathetic Tone

There are many sympathetic hyperactivity diseases in the investigators' clinical practice. However, the conventional method to measure the sympathetic nerve activity had many limitations such as clinical application, data interpretation and even therapeutic manipulation. Therefore the investigators would like to develop a non-invasive method to record the sympathetic nerve activity in the investigators' study that can help gathering the sympathetic nerve activity easily in the investigators' daily clinical situation. By the determination of sympathetic nerve activity status, the health caregiver can understand the disease more.

Inclusion Criteria: * Sympathetic hyperactivity diseases included: hypertension, heart failure atherosclerotic diseases, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sleep apnea, pulmonary embolism, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, hepatopulmonary syndrome, hepatorenal syndrome, renal failure, nephritis, irritable bowel syndrome. * Healthy Volunteers Exclusion Criteria: * Pregnant