Phenotyping Genetic Risk for Type 2 Diabetes

This study tests the hypothesis that non-diabetic individuals with a high genetic risk score for type 2 diabetes have impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance compared to those with a low genetic risk score for type 2 diabetes.

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 10-70 years * Prior participant of the UPenn Biobank or Center for Applied Genomics Biobank and agreed to be recontacted for future research. * Adults with BMI 25kg/m2 or higher, children and adolescents with BMI 85th percentile or higher Exclusion Criteria: * prior diagnosis of type 1, type 2, or secondary diabetes * use of medications that would impact glucose and insulin response such as steroids, metformin or other anti-diabetic medication * acute illness that may impact insulin and glucose dynamics * pregnancy * hypothalamic obesity or related genetic disorder of metabolism * recent systemic chemotherapy use * gastrointestinal impairment or surgery that may impact absorption * anemia * major organ system illness or any underlying condition requiring regular medication or treatment that could make implementation of the protocol or interpretation of the study results difficult * inability to comply with study protocol