Individualized Targeting and Neuromodulation of Late-Life Depression

An open-label, single-arm, clinical research study about how to make transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), an FDA-approved treatment, more effective for patients with late-life depression using fMRI.

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Participant must be at least 60 years of age (all genders, races, and ethnicities), and less than or equal to 79 years of age. 2. Participant must have a diagnosis of major depressive disorder without psychosis for the past 6 months, as diagnosed by a board-certified psychiatrist 3. Must show evidence of being in a current major depressive episode, as indicated by score on QIDS-C of 10 or higher. 4. Participant must not have any conditions listed in the exclusion criteria 5. Participant must be fluent in English Exclusion Criteria: 1. Current diagnosis of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or any other psychotic disorder 2. Substance use disorder, abuse or dependence, with active use within the last 3 months 3. Legal or mental incompetency, or inability to consent to study 4. Unstable medical illness, or hospitalization within 3 weeks of study entry 5. Current diagnosis of a neurological disorder or neurocognitive disorder 6. Prior neurosurgical procedure 7. History of seizure 8. History of ECT treatment within the past three months 9. History of any previous TMS treatment 10. Any contraindication to obtaining magnetic resonance imaging safely 11. Pregnant women 12. Inability to complete the protocol, namely, inability to independently attend all study visits and TMS sessions on time.