Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Without a Ureteral Catheter

Conventional Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) surgery requires the patient to first undergo retrograde transurethral ureteroscopic insertion of the ureteral catheter in the lithotomy position, and then change the patient to the prone position. However, repeated operation on the ureter can bring about immediate and long-term negative effects, such as ureteral false way formation, ureteral damage, perforation, avulsion, catheter insertion into the vena cava, pricking the kidney, increased postoperative pain, urinary extravasation, scar formation, and ureteral narrowing. The study planned to perform the operation in the prone position without reverse insertion of a ureteral catheter in the PCNL surgery.

Inclusion Criteria:· Patients with upper urinary tract stones who were 18 years of age or older and eligible for PCNL surgery.Exclusion Criteria:patients with infectious calculi confirmed by preoperative CT examination and blood biochemical indexes.Patients with severe cardiac and pulmonary insufficiency, coagulation dysfunction and other obvious surgical contraindications.Patients with previous history of PCNL surgery on the affected side or nephrotomy.Patients with indwelling double J tube or nephrostomy tube before operation.Patients with renal trauma or congenital anomalies of urinary system.