Explore the Neural Mechanism of Mindfulness Training to Reduce Loneliness in Depressed Older Adults

Perceived loneliness causes a global health burden on older adults. Mindfulness training may be a feasible solution. Through our study, we expect that comprehensive and convincing neuroscientific evidence may support the efficacy underpinning mindfulness training in loneliness reduction.

Inclusion Criteria:Age > 55 years.Major depressive disorder (MDD).Exclusion Criteria:Inability to provide informed consent.Dementia, as defined by MMSE < 24 (<17 if illiterate or no education) and clinical evidence of dementia based on DSM-5 criteria.Lifetime diagnosis of bipolar I or II disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or current psychotic symptoms.Abuse of or dependence on alcohol or other substances within the past 3 months, and confirmed by study physician interview.High risk for suicide (e.g., active suicide ideation and/or current/recent intent or plan) AND unable to be managed safely in the clinical trial (e.g., unwilling to be hospitalized). Urgent psychiatric referral will be made in these cases.Non-correctable clinically significant sensory impairment (i.e., cannot hear well enough to cooperate with interview).Unstable medical illness, including delirium, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or cerebrovascular or cardiovascular risk factors that are not under medical management.Currently under psychotherapy or taking regular meditation or yoga practice (or had experience in these activities)