Application of 3D Printing Guide Plate in Endoscopic Spinal Surgery

Application of 3D printing guide plate in endoscopic spinal surgery

Inclusion Criteria:Age ≥18 years old;Pain lasting ≥12 weeks;The previous failure of conservative management such as physiotherapy, exercise therapy, or analgesic medications;Pain intensity≥4 out of 10 on the numerical rating scale (NRS);Availability of computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging findings of pathology concordant with the side and level of their clinical features;Agree with endoscopic spinal surgeries.Exclusion Criteria:Patient refusal to participate in the study;Pregnant or nursing;Allergies to local anesthetics, contrast dyes or steroids;Significant anatomic deformity (either congenital or acquired) making it difficult to access the target as evidenced by computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging;Patients with platelet dysfunction, bleeding disorder or continuing anticoagulant treatment;Systemic infection;Injection site infection;Unstable medical or psychiatric condition;Unable to tolerate the surgeries.