EEG DSA-guided Intravenous Anesthesia Using Dexmedetomidine and Propofol

Investigators conduct this retrospective analysis to test this hypothesis that the EEG spectrogram guided general anesthesia with dexmedetomidine co-administration with propofol may significantly reduce the propofol consumption during craniotomy and to investigate potential benefits on postoperative outcomes.

Inclusion Criteria:Patients undergoing elective craniotomy for brain tumor resection, aneurysm clipping, an intracranial bypass procedure, or microvascular decompressionage between 20 to 80 yrExclusion Criteria:Fever, elevated white blood cell or C-reactive proteinImpaired liver function, eg. AST or ALT >100; liver cirrhosis > Child B classImpaired renal function, cGFR< 60 ml/min/1.73 m2Cardiac dysfunction, such as heart failure > NYHA class II