Effects of PBM on Fixed-appliance Orthodontic Patients

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) on the dental and periodontal health of patients undergoing fixed-appliance orthodontic treatment, including orthodontically induced root resorption, orthodontic pain, space closing rate, and dental microbiome profile in dental plaques.

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Patients aged between 18 and 35 years old with permanent dentition 2. Patients who undertake orthodontic treatment using fixed appliances 3. Patients who require extraction of premolars in either their upper or lower dental arch 4. Patients who have fair oral hygiene habits 5. Patients who are systemically healthy Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients with generalized dental caries and severe chronic periodontitis in stages III and IV 2. Patients with congenital or severe craniofacial anomalies which necessitate orthognathic surgery 3. Patients with physical or mental impairment, and those who smoke or undertake systemic medications 4. Patients with current root resorption at any of the teeth 5. Patients with endodontic treatment and/or large restorations on premolars to be extracted