Western Sydney Kidney Injury Biopsy Study

The investigators aim to develop a clinically validated, histological acute tubular injury (ATI) scoring system to help improve diagnostic precision and predict clinical outcomes following ATI. To use an unbiased, data-driven approach, correlating pathological features (including digital pathology), key signatures using spatial technologies (transcriptomics or proteinomics) with relevant clinical outcomes. Spatial technologies (including spatial transcriptomics and spatial proteinomics) allow the use of 'precision pathology' to study the critical link between molecular characteristics to histological structure.

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Had a kidney biopsy (native kidney or transplant kidney included) after year 2000 2. Kidney biopsy sample sent to Westmead Hospital for clinical interpretation Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients who have never had a kidney biopsy performed 2. Biopsy sample not available at Westmead Hospital 3. No information on kidney function (serum creatinine or eGFR)