Project PAIR: Parent-implemented Articulation Intervention With Recast

Using a single-case multiple baseline across participants design, this study aims to explore the effectiveness of parent-implemented Broad Treatment Speech Recast supplemented with traditional clinician-led articulation therapy on speech production in elementary-aged deaf and hard of hearing children. To address these objectives, the following research questions will be investigated: 1. Does drill-based articulation therapy, administered by a speech-language pathologist, improve speech sound production in DHH children when parent-implemented BTSR is concurrently utilized at home? 2. Does the combination of parent-implemented BTSR and clinician-led traditional articulation therapy result in generalization of speech sound accuracy at the conversation level?

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 4;0-9;11 * Permanent, prelingual sensorineural hearing loss * Uses spoken English as their primary home language (≥ 51% of the time) * Standard score ≥70 on the Leiter * Standard score ≥70 on the OWLS-II Listening Comprehension * At least two speech sound errors appropriate to target based on speech norms and general stimulability Exclusion Criteria: * Motor speech disorder (e.g., childhood apraxia of speech) * Oral structural functional disorder (e.g., cleft palate) * Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder * Diagnosis of ADHD * Uncorrected vision impairment (i.e., identified vision loss without the use of corrective lenses)