Fighting Addictions, Improving Lives: COmprehensive Drug Rehabilitation With Music

FALCO is a parallel pragmatic randomized control trial addressing long-term effects of music therapy (MT) on substance use disorder (SUD). 600 participants will be recruited from multiple European countries (see Locations). They will be randomized into one of the following intervention arms: Active Music Group (AMG), Music Listening Group (MLG) or Treatment as Usual (TAU) as offered locally.

Inclusion Criteria: * patients seeking or receiving treatment at the recruitment site for an existing substance use disorder based on ICD-10 criteria * ≥18 years old * not currently undergoing detoxification (detoxification has been completed or is not currently planned at the time of recruitment) * any type of substance use including polysubstance and alcohol use Exclusion Criteria: * exclusively nicotine dependence * psychotic episode in the last 3 months * insufficient language skills to participate in treatment without the use of a translator * hearing impairment that considerably impairs hearing of music played at a moderate volume (not relevant if hearing is sufficiently compensated by a hearing aid) * existing diagnosis of dementia * is currently receiving music therapy or has received music therapy (i.e. at planned and reoccurring intervals, not counting single random occurrences) during the past year