Hematological Markers MPV, PLR, and NLR in Primary Versus Secondary Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Antiphospholipid syndrome is a thrombo-inflammatory autoimmune disorder with a complex antiphospholipid antibody-mediated pathogenesis, and high heterogeneity in clinical presentation and disease course. Clinical presentation in antiphospholipid syndrome includes venous and arterial thrombosis, pregnancy complications, and a broad range of microvascular and non-thrombotic manifestations

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults (age ≥18 years) * Diagnosis of APS based on updated Sydney classification criteria confirmed by: Clinical history of thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity, Persistent presence (≥12 weeks) of antiphospholipid antibodies (aCL, anti-β2-glycoprotein I, and/or lupus anticoagulant) Exclusion criteria: * Current infection or inflammatory condition unrelated to APS * Hematological malignancies or other blood disorders * Recent blood transfusion or platelet-altering medications other than APS treatments