SweetSpot - The Effect of Non-nutritive Sweeteners on Health

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of non-nutritive sweeteners on glucose regulation. Secondary objectives are to investigate the effect of NNS on gut microbiome, gut hormone secretion, sweet taste sensitivity and preference, and the excretion of NNS in urine.

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 45-79 years; * BMI of 20-35 kg/m2; * Having veins suitable for placement of a venflon catheter. Exclusion Criteria: * Diseases or prior surgeries affecting the stomach, liver, kidneys or intestines (allowed i.e. appendectomy); * Cardiovascular diseases (e.g. heart failure) or cancer (e.g. non-invasive skin cancer allowed); * Diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes; * Drug treated thyroid diseases (well substituted hypothyroidism is allowed for inclusion); * HbA1c level \>6.5% (\>48 mmol/mol), as measured during the screening visit; * Anaemia defined as Hb concentrations \21 glasses (men) of alcoholic beverages per week); * Being pregnant or lactating or planning to become pregnant; * Inability to understand study information and/or communicate with staff; * Participation in another study that involves an intervention within two months prior to the intervention; * Working or doing a thesis/internship at the division of Human Nutrition \& Health, or the Food, Health \& Consumer Research group of Wageningen Food \& Biobased Research.