Internal Jugular Vein Collapsibility Index for Predicting Post-Induction Hypotension

This study aims to investigate whether the Internal Jugular Vein Collapsibility Index (IJV-CI), measured via ultrasonography, can predict hypotension (low blood pressure) that occurs after the induction of general anesthesia. Researchers will measure the diameter of the internal jugular vein in patients before surgery and compare these measurements with the blood pressure changes during the first minutes of anesthesia. The goal is to determine if IJV-CI can be used as a reliable, non-invasive tool to identify patients at higher risk of developing anesthesia-induced hypotension.

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged 18-65 years. * Patients with ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) physical status I, II, or III. * Patients scheduled to receive general anesthesia. * Patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with obesity (Body Mass Index \> 35 kg/m²). * Patients with Atrial Fibrillation or other serious cardiac arrhythmias. * Patients with a history of neck surgery or any pathology preventing Internal Jugular Vein (IJV) measurement. * Patients with advanced heart failure (Ejection Fraction \< 40%). * Patients with severe valvular heart disease. * Patients with peripheral vascular disease. * Patients undergoing emergency surgery. * Patients who are unwilling to participate in the study.