Satiety Evaluation of Mature Okra Flour-incorporated Biscuit

This study aims to evaluate whether eating biscuits made with mature okra flour can help young adults feel fuller (enhance satiety) and change certain blood markers compared to eating standard biscuits. Mature okra is a nutrient-dense agricultural by-product that is often discarded due to its tough texture. For this study, mature okra pods are dried and ground into a flour, which is then used to replace 10% of the wheat flour in a custom biscuit formulation. Participants will take part in a single-blind, randomised trial where they will consume either the okra-incorporated biscuits or the standard control biscuits on separate occasions. Researchers will measure participants' perceived fullness over 165 minutes using a visual rating scale. Blood samples will also be collected at specific intervals during this time to evaluate blood glucose levels, appetite-related hormones, and metabolic responses.

Inclusion Criteria: * Young adults aged between 18 and 39 years. * Normal Body Mass Index (BMI). Exclusion Criteria: * Smokers. * Pregnant or lactating women. * Individuals with daily medication prescriptions for chronic metabolic conditions, cardiovascular management, or hormonal regulation. * Use of daily medications/supplements that influence appetite regulation, metabolic signalling, or systemic metabolomic profiles, including: 1. Hormonal contraceptives, glucocorticoids, and oral/injectable anti-obesity medications (e.g., GLP-1 agonists). 2. Antihypertensives and lipid-lowering agents (statins). 3. Chronic Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). 4. Daily fibre supplements.