Mitophagy and Mitochondrial DNA Dynamics During Ramadan Dry Fasting vs 16:8 Time-Restricted Feeding

This study investigates how different types of fasting affect cell health, specifically focusing on how mitochondria (the energy-producing parts of cells) are cleared and renewed. While standard intermittent fasting allows water intake, Ramadan dry fasting involves total restriction of both food and fluids from dawn to sunset. Researchers want to see if the combined effects of fluid restriction and natural daily body rhythms during Ramadan trigger a stronger cellular cleanup process (called mitophagy) compared to standard 16:8 water-permitted fasting. The study will look at how these fasting habits change blood markers related to mitochondrial DNA and metabolic health across a 30-day period. This research will help determine if dry fasting offers distinct biological benefits for cellular renewal.

Inclusion Criteria: * Common Criteria (Both Arms): * Age 18-50 years * BMI 18.5-30.0 kg/m²\[cite: 1\] * Non-smoker for at least 12 months\[cite: 1\] * No chronic disease requiring regular prescription medication\[cite: 1\] * Stable sleep-wake schedule (self-reported sleep midpoint deviation less than 90 minutes)\[cite: 1\] * Willing and able to attend all five study visits at the specified times\[cite: 1\] Arm A Specific (Ramadan Dry Fasting): \- Documented religious commitment and intention to complete all 30 days of Ramadan 2027 fasting\[cite: 1\] Arm B Specific (16:8 TRF Control): * Confirmed practice of 16:8 TRF (fasting window 16 hours or more per day) throughout the study period\[cite: 1\] * Not observing Ramadan dry fasting during the study period\[cite: 1\] Exclusion Criteria: * Established type 1 or type 2 diabetes (HbA1c 6.5% or higher or pharmacological antidiabetic therapy)\[cite: 1\] * Severe gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, hepatic, or renal disease (eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73m²)\[cite: 1\] * Active cancer or chemotherapy within five years\[cite: 1\] * Use of metformin, statins, or exogenous antioxidant supplements (vitamins C, E, NAC, CoQ10) within 30 days of screening\[cite: 1\] * Pregnancy, lactation, or planned conception during the study period\[cite: 1\] * Participation in another clinical study within three months\[cite: 1\] * Inability to provide written informed consent in Arabic or English\[cite: 1\]