AI Detection Model of Extra Root Canals in Mandibular Premolars Using CBCT Scans

Successful endodontic treatment depends on the complete identification and management of the entire root canal system. Missed root canals are a major cause of endodontic failure, particularly in mandibular premolars, which exhibit considerable anatomical variability and may contain additional root canals that are difficult to detect using conventional diagnostic methods. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) provides three-dimensional visualization of root canal anatomy and has significantly improved the detection of anatomical variations. However, interpretation of CBCT images remains dependent on the experience and expertise of the clinician, leading to potential observer variability and missed diagnoses. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning models based on convolutional neural networks, have shown promising results in dental image analysis and diagnostic support. AI-assisted diagnostic systems may improve the accuracy, consistency, and efficiency of CBCT interpretation by automatically identifying complex anatomical structures. The aim of this retrospective diagnostic accuracy study is to evaluate the performance of a newly developed deep learning model for the detection of extra root canals in mandibular premolars using CBCT images. The diagnostic accuracy of the AI model will be assessed by comparing its findings with the assessments of experienced oral and maxillofacial radiologists, which will serve as the reference standard. A total of 272 CBCT scans of mandibular premolars from Egyptian patients will be included according to predefined eligibility criteria. Diagnostic performance will be evaluated using measures including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. The findings of this study may provide evidence regarding the clinical applicability of AI-assisted diagnostic tools in endodontics and contribute to improved detection of complex root canal anatomy, reduced incidence of missed canals, and enhanced treatment outcomes.

Inclusion Criteria: * CBCT scans of mandibular molars of Egyptian patients aging from 18 to 65 years old * Small Field of view (FOV) including maximum a quadrant * Voxel size not larger than 2mm * Mandibular premolars showing complete root formation * Carious or non-carious teeth * Absence of artifacts. Exclusion Criteria: * Mandibular first and second premolars with developmental anomalies, external or internal root resorption, root canal calcification, previous root canal treatment, post restorations, and/or root caries * CBCT images of sub-optimal quality or artifacts/high scatter interfering with proper assessment