Asprosin and Total Antioxidant/Oxidant Status in Diabetes and Periodontal Disease

The goal of this observational study is to learn about how different periodontal health status affects the levels of asprosin (a hormone) and total oxidant/antioxidant status in the gingival crevicular fluid and blood serum of individuals with Type 2 diabetes. The main questions it aims to answer are: Do individuals with Type 2 diabetes and periodontal disease have different levels of asprosin and oxidative stress markers compared to diabetic individuals with healthy gingiva ? How do local changes in the gingiva relate to systemic (body-wide) biomarkers in diabetic patients? Participants with Type 2 diabetes will undergo a routine clinical periodontal examination to evaluate their gingival health. During their regular clinic visit, samples of fluid from around their gingiva (gingival crevicular fluid) and routine blood samples (serum) will be collected to measure and compare these biochemical markers

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the gingivitis and periodontitis groups * Systemically healthy individuals without any systemic disease in the healthy control group * Age between 18 and 65 years * Non-smokers * Individuals with no diseases or medication use that could alter the immune response of the periodontal tissues * Participants with more than 20 natural teeth Exclusion Criteria: * Age younger than 18 years or older than 65 years * Smokers * Individuals with any disease or medication use that could alter the immune response of the periodontal tissues * Pregnant women * Individuals who had received periodontal treatment within the previous 6 months * Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) * Individuals who had used antibacterial medications within the previous 6 months