Sex-Divergent Effects of Magnesium L-Threonate Supplementation on Sleep Quality, Cognitive Performance, and Neuromuscular Function in Healthy Adults

This study examined the effects of six weeks of magnesium L-threonate (MgT) supplementation on sleep quality, cognitive performance under experimentally induced mental fatigue, neuromuscular function, and psychophysiological outcomes in healthy adults. Biological sex and weight status were examined as pre-specified moderating variables.

Inclusion Criteria: * Healthy male or female adults aged 18-45 years * Free from diagnosed neurological, cardiovascular, metabolic, or psychiatric conditions * Not currently taking medications or supplements known to influence cognitive or neuromuscular function * Willing to maintain habitual diet, physical activity, and sleep routines throughout the study period Exclusion Criteria: * Pregnant or breastfeeding * Diagnosed sleep disorder * Initiated any new supplement or medication regimen within the past three months * Failed to meet ≥85% supplementation adherence threshold during the study (post-enrollment exclusion) * Technical data malfunction resulting in unrecoverable testing data (post-enrollment exclusion) * Identified as a multivariate outlier (values exceeding ±3 SD from the group mean on primary outcomes; post-enrollment exclusion)