Visual and Auditory Electromyography Biofeedback Among Stroke Patients

Stroke commonly results in impairments of balance, mobility, and lower extremity motor function that limit independence in daily activities. Electromyography (EMG) biofeedback enhances motor relearning by providing real-time feedback regarding muscle activation. Although both visual and auditory EMG biofeedback have demonstrated benefits in stroke rehabilitation, evidence directly comparing these feedback modalities remains limited. This randomized controlled trial aims to compare the effects of visual and auditory EMG biofeedback, each combined with conventional physiotherapy, on balance, functional mobility, motor function, and functional independence in individuals with stroke.

Inclusion Criteria: * Age between 20 and 30 years * Male or female participants * Clinically diagnosed hemiplegic stroke. * Medically stable and able to participate in rehabilitation. * No visual impairment that would interfere with visual biofeedback. * No hearing impairment that would interfere with auditory biofeedback. * No sensory aphasia affecting the ability to understand study instructions. Exclusion Criteria: * Traumatic injury or lesion affecting the lower extremities * Lower-limb amputation * Severe systemic disease that could interfere with participation * Peripheral vascular disease affecting the lower extremities * Fixed ankle contracture * Motion sickness or intolerance to rehabilitation technology