Association of Arterio-Venous Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Gradients With Tissue Hypoperfusion and Mortality in Sepsis

In patients with sepsis who are treated in the intensive care unit under invasive mechanical ventilation, the combined evaluation of ScvO₂ and PcvCO₂ may provide a comprehensive insight into tissue oxygenation and metabolic stress, allowing a more precise hemodynamic assessment in critically ill patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the monitoring of ScvO₂, PcvCO₂, and EtCO₂ in intensive care patients in order to predict hemodynamic instability, 28-day mortality, and length of ICU stay, as well as to investigate their effects on cardiac output, tissue oxygenation, and hypoperfusion.

Inclusion Criteria: * Adult patients aged 18 years or older * Diagnosis of sepsis * Admission to the intensive care unit * Intubated and receiving invasive mechanical ventilation * Presence of a central venous catheter Exclusion Criteria: * Patients younger than 18 years * Patients in whom a central venous catheter cannot be placed * Patients receiving oxygen therapy via face mask or nasal cannula * Patients treated with non-invasive mechanical ventilation