The Effectiveness of Squat Exercise for Improving Pre-Sarcopenia in Order Adults

With the growing aging population, it has been reported that approximately 10-20% of older adults have pre-sarcopenia. Pre-sarcopenia is defined as a decline in either muscle mass or muscle strength. Previous studies have indicated that squat exercise has significant effects on improving lower-extremity muscle strength and physical performance. Early intervention through resistance exercise during the pre-sarcopenia stage may increase muscle mass, enhance physical performance, and prevent progression to sarcopenia. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of squat exercise on improving pre-sarcopenia among older adults. It is expected that, following the squat exercise intervention, older adults will demonstrate significant improvements in muscle mass, lower-extremity muscle strength, physical performance, and body composition, thereby alleviating pre-sarcopenia.

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Older adults aged 65 years and above who meet at least one criterion of pre-sarcopenia. 2. Residents of Hualien. 3. Able to read, have clear consciousness, and communicate in Mandarin. 4. Willing to participate in this study. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Individuals with disability. 2. Individuals with psychiatric disorders or other conditions affecting cognitive function. 3. Individuals with injuries of the knee, hip, or lumbar spine that prevent participation in squat exercise.