Artificial Grammar Learning in Children Who Are Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing: Stimulus Length Effect

The goal of this basic experimental study involving humans (BESH) clinical trial is to examine how stimulus length affects grammar learning in children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing and who primarily use spoken language. The main question it aims to answer is: do short or long stimuli better support grammar learning in this population? Participants will complete an artificial grammar learning task to see which condition (short vs. long stimuli) results in better grammar learning.

Inclusion Criteria: * Aged 5- to 7-years-old * Diagnosed with bilateral hearing loss * Uses bilateral hearing devices (cochlear implants, bilateral hearing aids, or a cochlear implant and a hearing aid) * Has used first hearing device for at least one year * No history of developmental delay that is unrelated to hearing loss * Normal non-verbal IQ * Normal or corrected-to-normal vision * Normal color vision * Primarily spoken English user * Access to remote video call technology Exclusion Criteria: * Younger than 5 years old * 8 years, 0 months or older * Normal hearing in one or both ears * Uses one or no hearing device (e.g., cochlear implant, hearing aid) * Has not used at least one hearing device for one year * History of developmental delay that is unrelated to hearing loss * Nonverbal IQ below normal limits * Visual impairment not corrected by glasses or contacts * Color vision impairment * Primarily uses a signed language or non-English language to communicate * Does not have access to remote video call technology