Maternal Voice Versus White Noise in Pediatric Surgery

This randomized controlled study will evaluate the effects of maternal voice and white noise on postoperative pain, comfort, and physiological parameters in children aged 1 month to 3 years during the early postoperative period. The study will also compare the effectiveness of maternal voice and white noise in improving these outcomes.

Inclusion Criteria: * Aged 1 to 3 years * Scheduled to undergo an elective minor surgical procedure, such as orchiopexy, hypospadias repair, or hernia repair * Undergoing surgery under general anesthesia with an anesthesia duration not exceeding 60 minutes * No known hearing impairment * No anatomical abnormality of the ear * No chronic condition that could affect auditory perception or pain response, such as cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, or another neurodevelopmental disorder * Scheduled for direct transfer to the pediatric surgery ward after surgery without an extended stay in the postanesthesia care unit * Written informed consent provided by a parent or legal guardian Exclusion Criteria: * Surgery performed under emergency conditions * A surgical procedure different from the planned procedure * Anesthesia duration exceeding 60 minutes * Development of a postoperative complication requiring admission to the postanesthesia care unit or intensive care unit * Administration of additional analgesic medication beyond the institutional analgesia protocol * Interruption or inability to complete the 60-minute auditory intervention or observation period * Withdrawal of consent by the parent or legal guardian