Early Postoperative Pain After Cardiac Surgery

This observational study will evaluate factors that may be associated with pain during the first 24 hours after open heart surgery. The study will include adult patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), heart valve surgery, or combined cardiac surgery. Researchers will retrospectively review existing medical records to examine whether patient characteristics, preoperative anxiety and depression, and factors related to surgery and anesthesia are associated with postoperative pain. The study will also evaluate postoperative nausea and vomiting and the need for additional pain medication. No treatment or intervention will be assigned to participants as part of this study. Study data will be collected retrospectively from existing medical records.

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≥18 years * Underwent open cardiac surgery, including coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve surgery, or combined cardiac surgery * Complete perioperative and postoperative pain data available in the medical records Exclusion Criteria: * Incomplete medical records * Reoperation within the first 24 postoperative hours * Chronic opioid use * Cognitive impairment