The Role of Amniotic Membrane in Promoting Rapid Recovery of Buccal Mucosal Defect After Harvesting Oral Mucosa for Urethral Reconstruction

investigators use biological material to enhance recovery of oral cavity row area after harvesting a graft from it to use it in urethral reconstruction

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients were eligible for inclusion if they met the following criteria: * Adult patients (≥18 years) * Diagnosed with anterior urethral stricture requiring substitution urethroplasty * Planned use of buccal mucosal graft for urethral reconstruction * Ability to provide informed consent and comply with follow-up protocol Exclusion Criteria: * Patients were excluded if they had: * Previous buccal mucosal graft harvest * Active oral infection or mucosal pathology * History of oral malignancy or radiotherapy * Uncontrolled systemic disease (e.g., poorly controlled diabetes mellitus) * Immunosuppression or chronic steroid use * Known allergy to biological graft materials