Effectiveness of Personalized Oral Hygiene Advice Delivered by Artificial Intelligence or Dental Professionals Versus Standard Oral Hygiene Advice on Oral and Systemic Health in Community-based Type II Diabetes Patients

Diabetes is a systemic condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and is associated with multiple long-term complications. This systemic disease is mutually linked to inflammatory gum diseases through circulating inflammatory mediators. Controlling inflammatory gum diseases by maintaining oral hygiene improves blood glucose levels and reduces long-term complications. However, close supervision of good oral hygiene through home care is labor-intensive and expensive. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been used to provide personalized advice on the adequacy of patients' home care (oral hygiene). The investigators hypothesize that the use of AI can improve home care, thereby enhancing both gum health and systemic health, similar to human dental professionals and standardised oral health instructions.

Inclusion Criteria: * Subjects who are \>18 years of age and able to give informed consent. * Subjects who are mentally and cognitively healthy. * Subjects who are with T2DM state with impaired HbA1c \> 6.4%, or impaired fasting plasma glucose level \> 6.9 mmol/L or impaired plasma glucose level after 2h OGTT \> 11.0 mmol/L. * Subjects who can speak, read, or understand Cantonese to complete the questionnaire. * Subjects who can practice oral hygiene procedure (regular tooth brushing and interdental cleansing/flossing/brushing) daily on their own independently. Exclusion Criteria: * Subjects who have mental illness, or similar problems that unable to complete the satisfaction questionnaire. * Subjects who cannot perform oral hygiene procedure (regular tooth brushing and interdental cleansing/flossing/brushing) by any condition of oral cavity such as tumor or maxillomandibular fixation.