Visual and Neural Responses to Naked-Eye 3-D Viewing

This multicenter study examines short-term changes in visual fatigue and eye function after glasses-free three-dimensional (3D) viewing in healthy adults. The study is conducted at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center in Guangzhou and Beijing Tongren Hospital in Beijing. Participants complete assessments immediately before and after a 30-minute 3D viewing session and serve as their own controls. The main outcome is the change in self-reported visual fatigue score. Other assessments, according to the procedures approved at each site, may include eye and binocular vision tests, symptom questionnaires, and electroencephalography (EEG). Where approved, additional viewing sessions examine different display settings, including binocular disparity and image crosstalk.

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ranges 18-40 years old at the time of screening. * Best-corrected visual acuity ≥0.8 in both eyes. * Normal stereopsis confirmed via clinical stereo test. * Spherical equivalent refractive error between -6.00 diopters and +3.00 diopters. * Astigmatism ≤2.00 D and no clinically significant anisometropia. * No history of ocular surgery, eye disease, neurological disorder, mental illness or cognitive impairment that affects visual performance. * Able to understand study procedures and finish all ophthalmological and electroencephalogram examinations. * Voluntarily provides written informed consent before any study-related operation. Exclusion Criteria: * Younger than 18 years or older than 40 years. * Best-corrected visual acuity less than 0.8 in either eye. * Impaired or abnormal stereoscopic vision. * Unqualified refractive error, obvious anisometropia. * History of keratitis, glaucoma, retinal disease and other organic eye diseases. * Any history of corneal or intraocular surgery. * Systemic disease, brain disease and psychiatric disease interfering with visual function. * 1\. Refuses or cannot complete all three sub-experiment sessions and repeated multimodal tests.