Video Modeling on Shot-Put Acquisition

Video modeling is widely used in motor skill instruction, yet its optimal modality and timing within a session remain unclear, particularly for complex athletic tasks. This study compared three video feedback modalities, including video self-modeling, video expert-modeling, and peer-to-peer learning video, administered at three session phases (warm-up, during the learning session, and after the learning session) on shot-put learning outcomes in novice university students. Sport science students aged 19-25 years were assigned to nine experimental groups and one control group in a 3 × 3 between-subjects factorial randomized controlled trial over nine weeks. Physical performance, technical score, selective attention, and episodic memory were assessed at three time points: the predictive session test (week 1), formative session test (week 5), and summative session test (week 9).

Inclusion Criteria: * Aged 19-25 years. * Enrolled as a sport science student. * No prior competitive experience in shot put. * Regularly engaged in sports practice for approximately 6 hours per week. Exclusion Criteria: * History of musculoskeletal injury affecting upper-limb or trunk function * Sustaining a neuromuscular or sensorimotor injury during the experimental protocol * Absence from more than two learning sessions.