Persistent Pain and Its Impact on Daily Life After Lung Surgery

This study will examine how pain changes over the first six months after lung surgery and how it affects daily life. It will include adults scheduled for surgery to remove part or all of a lung. The main questions are: * How does pain change from the early days after surgery to three and six months afterward? * Which factors before surgery and during early recovery are associated with persistent pain? * How does pain affect walking, coughing, sleep, mood, and everyday activities? Participants will complete questionnaires before surgery, during their hospital stay, at discharge, and at three and six months after surgery. These questionnaires will assess pain, its effects on daily life, sleep, and emotional well-being. Follow-up after discharge will be conducted by telephone or electronic questionnaires. Researchers will also collect information from medical records about the type of surgery, surgical incisions, anesthesia, pain relief treatments, and chest drains. This is an observational study. The research team will not assign pain treatments or change usual care. The findings may help identify patients who need additional pain assessment and support during recovery.

Inclusion Criteria: \- Age 18 years or older. Scheduled for elective lung resection, including wedge resection, segmentectomy, lobectomy, bilobectomy, or pneumonectomy, through a video-assisted, robot-assisted, or open surgical approach. Able to understand and answer the study questionnaires in Chinese, independently or with standardized assistance from research staff. Willing to complete assessments before surgery, during hospitalization, at discharge, and at 3 and 6 months after surgery. Provides written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Emergency surgery. Planned concomitant major surgery involving another organ, such as esophagectomy or cardiac surgery. Cognitive impairment or another condition that prevents informed consent or reliable self-reported questionnaire responses despite assistance.