ABVN Phase 2 - PENFS

The vagus nerve is a nerve that controls many bodily functions, including stomach function. Investigators hope that electrically stimulating the nerve around the external ear will also stimulate the internal vagus nerve. If it does, then investigators hope that this may lead to additional treatment options for patients with nausea and vomiting and disordered stomach function. The overall purpose of the ABVN Phase 2 grant is to expand on previous work evaluating the effects of noninvasive stimulation on vagal nerve function. This will be accomplished through several independent, but related, studies. In this study, investigators will evaluate the effect of percutaneous electrical field stimulation on the vagus nerve in healthy subjects. \[This study was originally described in NCT06491758, however a separate record has been created to more accurately reflect the independence of the individual studies supported by the ABVN 2 grant.\]

Inclusion Criteria healthy volunteers * No gastrointestinal symptoms or conditions * Aged 18-80 years * Willing to have electrodes placed in the external ear * Willing to have MEA electrodes placed on the neck and bipolar electrodes placed on chest and stomach Exclusion Criteria healthy volunteers: * Unable to provide consent * Having gastric motility issues (not due to COVID 19) as determined by the PI or Sub-I * Taking medications affecting gastric motility * Anyone using cardiac pacemakers * History of hemophilia * History of psoriasis * Allergy to Sureprep * Allergy to steri strip compound benzoin tincture * Skin behind the ear is not healthy or not intact * Pregnant females * Prisoners