The Effect of Adding Elastic Resistance Training in Routine Physical Exercise on Walking Speed of Elderly People With Sarcopenia in Griya Wreda Jambangan, Surabaya

The goal of this randomized clinical trial is to learn whether adding elastic resistance training (ERT) to routine physical exercise can improve walking speed in older adults aged 60 years or older with sarcopenia living at Griya Wreda Jambangan, Surabaya. Sarcopenia is identified according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 criteria. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does adding elastic resistance training to routine physical exercise improve walking speed after 8 weeks? * Is the change in walking speed greater in participants who receive elastic resistance training plus routine physical exercise than in those who receive routine physical exercise alone? Researchers will compare routine physical exercise plus elastic resistance training with routine physical exercise alone to determine whether the addition of elastic resistance training results in greater improvement in walking speed. The study uses a randomized pre- and post-intervention controlled design. Participants will: * Be randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group. * Continue the routine physical exercise program provided at Griya Wreda Jambangan. * If assigned to the intervention group, perform elastic resistance training for the upper and lower extremities twice per week for 8 weeks, in addition to routine physical exercise. * Have their walking speed measured before and after the 8-week intervention using a walking test over the middle 6 meters of a 10-meter walkway. * Undergo clinical screening and monitoring to ensure that exercise participation is safe.

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 60 years or older. * Resident of Griya Wreda Jambangan, Surabaya. * Meets the diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019. * Able to ambulate independently, with or without a walking aid, and has a --Barthel Index score ≥60. * Adequate visual and hearing function. * No cognitive impairment that would interfere with understanding and following instructions, defined as a Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Indonesian Version (MoCA-INA) score ≥26. * Body mass index of 18.5-24.9 kg/m² according to the Asia-Pacific classification. * Willing to participate in the study and provides written informed consent after receiving an explanation of the study. Exclusion Criteria: * Cardiorespiratory disease that may affect physical performance during exercise, including New York Heart Association class III-IV heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, uncontrolled arrhythmia, aneurysm, severe aortic stenosis, acute endocarditis or pericarditis, persistent asthma, or acute or severe respiratory failure. * Blood pressure ≥180/100 mmHg. * Uncontrolled postural hypotension. * Acute thromboembolism, including deep vein thrombosis. * Infectious disease that may affect the participant's general condition or ability to perform the exercise program. * Anatomical abnormality of the upper extremity that prevents handgrip strength assessment. * Fracture within the previous 3 months, or a fracture occurring more than 3 months previously that has not achieved union or interferes with the intervention. * Lower-extremity musculoskeletal disorder with muscle or joint pain rated ≥4 on the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale and clinical signs of swelling, redness, or warmth. * Chronic disease that interferes with mobility, including ambulatory impairment due to stroke, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, or balance disorders due to intracranial or extracranial conditions such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo or other neurological disorders affecting balance. * Anatomical abnormality of the lower extremity that prevents walking-speed assessment. * Participation in a specific physical exercise program other than the routine physical exercise provided at the nursing home within the previous 3 months.