HIIT Versus High-Volume Training in Competitive Para Swimmers

This study compared the effects of four weeks of reduced-volume high-intensity interval training and higher-volume moderate-intensity swimming training on repeated-sprint ability, physiological responses, and body composition in competitive para swimmers. Twenty-four national-level swimmers representing World Para Swimming sport classes S5-S10 and S14 were randomly allocated to one of the two training interventions by drawing sealed group assignments. Both groups completed two supervised sessions per week for four weeks. Repeated-sprint ability was assessed before and after the intervention using eight maximal 15-m freestyle sprints.

Inclusion Criteria: Classified in Para Swimming sport class S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, or S14. At least 12 years of age. Active competitive swimmer participating at the national level. Had won at least one national championship medal during the preceding two competitive seasons. Regularly participating in organized swimming training. Able to understand and complete the adapted repeated-sprint swimming protocol. Provided written informed consent; for minors, consent was provided by a parent or legal guardian, and assent was obtained where applicable. Exclusion Criteria: Medical contraindication to maximal-intensity swimming exercise. Acute illness or injury preventing participation in testing or training. Change in medication or health status expected to influence exercise responses. Failure to complete the required familiarization, baseline testing, or intervention sessions. Participation in another intervention likely to affect the study outcomes.