Effects of Custom 3D Printed Insoles and Short Foot Exercises in Pes Planus

The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of combining custom 3D-printed medial arch-supported insoles with short foot exercises on foot posture, balance, and gait parameters in individuals with pes planus (flat feet). Furthermore, the study will investigate the impact of this combined intervention on secondary outcomes, including pain levels, health-related quality of life, and functional exercise capacity measured by the 6-Minute Walk Test.

Inclusion Criteria: * Aged between 18 and 35 years. * Presence of pes planus, defined as a Navicular Drop test value \> 10 mm and a Foot Posture Index-6 (FPI-6) score between +6 and +12. * Willingness to volunteer for the study and provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Presence of rigid pes planus. * Hallux valgus. * Hallux rigidus. * Calcaneal spur (heel spur). * History of any neurological, cardiovascular, or systemic diseases. * History of any orthopedic disease affecting the lower extremities. * History of lower extremity surgery. * Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m².