Postural Control and Balance Performance in Patients With Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

This observational study aims to evaluate static and dynamic postural control in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) according to electrophysiological disease severity and to compare their balance performance with that of healthy controls. A total of 96 participants will be recruited into four groups: healthy controls and patients with mild, moderate, or severe CTS classified according to the Bland electrophysiological grading system. Postural control will be assessed using the TecnoBody ProKin balance system under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. Additional assessments will include nerve conduction parameters, the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire, sensory function, handgrip strength, and pinch strength. The primary objective is to determine whether the effect of visual condition on center-of-pressure sway area differs across the four study groups.

Inclusion Criteria: For participants with CTS: * Aged 18-65 years. * Clinical symptoms consistent with CTS. * Electrophysiologically confirmed median neuropathy at the wrist. * CTS severity classifiable according to the Bland grading system. * Ability to stand independently and complete balance assessments. * Provision of written informed consent. For healthy controls: * Aged 18-65 years. * No clinical symptoms suggestive of CTS. * No known neurological or musculoskeletal condition affecting postural control. Exclusion Criteria: * Central neurological disorders affecting balance. * Vestibular disorders or significant vertigo. * Diabetes mellitus. * Polyneuropathy or other peripheral neuropathies affecting balance. * Cervical radiculopathy or brachial plexopathy. * Significant lower-extremity neurological or musculoskeletal disorders. * Recent lower-extremity surgery or major trauma affecting standing or walking. * Inability to stand independently. * Visual impairment affecting balance assessment. * Use of medications significantly affecting balance. * Pregnancy. * Previous surgical decompression for CTS. * Cognitive or communication impairment preventing compliance with assessment procedures.